Mastering Embedded Systems for Effective Embedded Software Development

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In modern technology, embedded software forms the backbone of many electronic devices. Although it often goes unnoticed, it is precisely this software that enables our everyday gadgets, such as smartphones, televisions and cars, to perform their functions. Embedded software encompasses not only simple control programs but also advanced systems responsible for critical processes in medicine, industry and aviation. “Embedded software development requires a unique blend of creativity and technical expertise to bring complex systems to life.” – as said David Brown, CTO at ImYoo. In this article, InTechHouse will explore what embedded software is, its applications, tools and functions associated with its creation and implementation.

Embedded Software: Core of Modern Devices

Embedded software is a type of programming specifically tailored to oversee and execute particular and constrained functions. Unlike the software used in general-purpose computers, which can be modified or transferred between different machines with ease, embedded software is closely linked to the hardware it operates. It is crafted to carry out distinct, dedicated tasks.

Embedded systems software is written to control the embedded system to perform one or a few dedicated functions, making it specific in functionality and not meant for multi-purpose use. These systems often operate under strict resource constraints, including limited memory, processing power and energy, so the software is designed to be highly efficient and compact. Many embedded systems must operate in real-time, requiring tasks to be completed within a guaranteed time frame. Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are commonly used in such scenarios to manage hardware resources and system tasks efficiently.

Furthermore, embedded systems software is closely integrated with the hardware it runs on. It often includes hardware drivers and is developed with a deep understanding of the hardware’s capabilities and limitations. Given that embedded systems often perform critical functions, such as controlling medical devices or automotive braking systems, the software is designed for high reliability and stability. Lastly, embedded software might not be updated frequently and needs to be maintainable for long periods, often several years, without significant changes.

System vs. Software: Understanding Embedded Differences 

Embedded software refers to software operating within an embedded system, which encompasses both software and hardware. Simply put, embedded software is a part of an embedded system. Here are the main components of an embedded system:

  • Microcontroller or Microprocessor:
    • This is the central element of an embedded system. A microcontroller is usually a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory and input/output interfaces. Microprocessors are more complex and may require additional circuits to manage memory and inputs/outputs.
  • Memory:
    • Memory in embedded systems can include various types, such as ROM (Read-Only Memory) for storing permanent software (firmware), RAM (Random-Access Memory) for storing operational data and executable instructions and other specialized forms of memory like EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), which allows data storage without power.
  • Inputs and Outputs (I/O):
    • Embedded systems interactively communicate with the external world through various input/output interfaces. These can be digital and analog ports, communication interfaces such as USB, CAN, SPI, I2C, sensors and actuators.
  • Embedded Software/Operating System:
    • Embedded software (firmware) or an operating system (e.g., RTOS – Real-Time Operating System) manages the hardware, supports all input-output operations, controls data flow and executes application tasks according to programmed instructions.
  • Power Supply:
    • Embedded systems are often designed to operate in a limited energy environment, which means they may use batteries or other constrained power sources. Efficient energy management is crucial for mobile or remote applications.
  • User Interface:
    • Depending on the application, embedded systems may have user interfaces, such as touch screens, buttons, LED indicators or other visual and haptic components that enable interaction with the user.
  • Enclosure and Other Mechanical Components:
    • The enclosure and other mechanical components protect sensitive electronic parts from the external environment and ensure the integrity and safety of the entire system.

More about embedded systems design can be read here:

What is Embedded System Design: Steps in the Design Process

Key Features of Embedded Systems Explained

It is important to remember that embedded systems have a range of characteristic features that distinguish them from other computer systems. They are designed to perform strictly defined tasks or functions, optimized for specific applications such as controlling the operation of a washing machine, ABS systems in cars or flight control in airplanes. Due to their often critical applications, embedded systems must be highly reliable and stable, operating without interruption for long periods and frequent incorporating built-in redundancy and fault tolerance mechanisms.

Moreover, typically operating in environments with limited resources, such as restricted memory, processing power and energy, embedded systems are designed to work efficiently within these constraints. They interact with their surroundings through various sensors and actuators, including temperature sensors, pressure sensors, motion detectors, as well as motors, relays and other mechanisms. The software of embedded systems, known as firmware, is an integral part of the system and is tightly integrated with the hardware. Firmware is usually written specifically for the given device and is rarely updated.

Many embedded systems require real-time operation, meaning they must respond to events within strictly defined time frames, as seen in traffic control systems or medical devices. Additionally, many embedded systems, especially those powered by batteries, must be designed for low power consumption to extend operation time on a single charge. Often compact and highly integrated, embedded systems integrate many functions into a single chip (SoC – System on Chip), saving space and production costs. They also frequently use specialized communication interfaces, such as I2C, SPI, UART and CAN which enable efficient data exchange between different components of the system.

Types of Embedded Software: An Overview

InTechHouse reminds that types of embedded systems software can be classified in several ways, depending on their function, application or degree of integration with hardware. Here are some of them:

  • Real-Time Operating System (RTOS):
    This is software designed to manage hardware resources in a way that ensures specific tasks are performed within strictly defined time frames. RTOS is essential in applications where delays in processing can lead to serious consequences, such as in-flight control systems or medical devices. Market data indicates that FreeRTOS is one of the most frequently used RTOS in embedded software projects, with a market share of approximately 30%.
  • General-Purpose Embedded Software:
    Includes operating systems that do not have strict real-time requirements but are adapted to manage resources in embedded devices. Examples include Linux, Windows Embedded or Android, which are used in many consumer devices like smartphones or televisions.
  • Middleware:

In embedded systems, middleware serves as an intermediary layer between application software and the system or hardware layer. It facilitates application development by providing services such as data management, inter-process communication and event handling.

  • Signal Processing Software:
    This software is used for processing digital signals in devices such as radars, audio and video systems or medical equipment. It is designed for the fast and efficient processing of input data from sensors or other data sources to achieve desired outcomes in real-time.
  • Firmware:
    This is software installed directly on hardware components, such as microcontrollers or other integrated circuits. Firmware is responsible for the lowest level of control over the hardware, managing its basic functions. It is often specifically written for a particular device and rarely undergoes updates.
  • Control Software:
    Focuses on the operational control of the device. This can be software that controls sensors, motors or other mechanisms in the device, such as in washing machines or cars. This type of software is very specific, often designed with specific technical requirements of the device in mind.
  • Application Software for Embedded Devices:
    Software that provides end-users with functionalities specific to a particular device. This may include user interfaces, multimedia applications or other software that allows interaction with the device in a user-friendly manner.
  • Communication Software:
    Specialized software that provides communication capabilities, such as handling network protocols, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or CAN (Controller Area Network) in vehicles. It is crucial in systems that require data exchange between different system modules or with external devices.

Which Types of Embedded Software Development Tools Matter Most?

Developing software for embedded systems requires specialized tools that support developers at various stages of the development process. InTechHouse experts know it very well and present the most commonly used types of tools for creating embedded systems software:

  1. Compilers and Cross-compilers:
    • Compilers convert source code written in high-level languages such as C or C++ into machine code that can be executed by a microcontroller or microprocessor. Cross-compilers are used to compile code on one platform (e.g., PC) with the intention of running it on another platform (e.g., microcontroller).
  2. Debuggers:
    • Debuggers are tools that allow testing and diagnosing code to identify and fix errors. They can operate in simulation mode or directly on the target hardware, enabling the inspection of registers, memory and step-by-step execution of instructions.
  3. Emulators and Simulators:
    • Hardware emulators mimic the operation of the target microcontroller or system, allowing software testing before actual deployment. Simulators, on the other hand, are software programs that imitate hardware behavior, enabling code verification at the software level.
  4. In-Circuit Emulators (ICE):
    • ICE are advanced debugging tools that allow developers full control and observation of a microcontroller while it operates in its real environment. ICE replaces the microcontroller in the circuit and enables real-time testing and debugging.
  5. Development Kits/Boards:
    • These kits contain all the necessary components to start working with a particular microcontroller or embedded system. They typically include a development board with a microcontroller, programming interfaces, I/O connectors and sometimes additional sensors and modules.
  6. Version Control Systems:
    • Tools like Git, SVN, or Mercurial are used for managing source code, tracking changes, team collaboration and maintaining different versions of the software.
  7. Integrated Development Environments (IDEs):
    • IDEs are applications that integrate compilers, debuggers and other development tools into a single environment. Examples include Eclipse, Keil uVision, MPLAB X IDE, which facilitate coding, compiling, debugging and project management.
  8. Code Analysis Tools:
    • Tools such as Static Analysis Tools (e.g., Coverity, PCLint) analyze the source code without executing it to detect potential errors, security vulnerabilities and coding standard violations.
  9. Bootloaders:
    • Bootloaders are programs that allow new software to be uploaded to a microcontroller without the need for specialized programmers. They facilitate field software updates.
  10. Requirement Management Tools:
    • These tools help manage project requirements, their documentation, tracking changes and ensuring all requirements are met during the development process.

Top Examples of Embedded Systems Software 

Example no. 1: Bosch and its Electronic Stability Program (ESP) Systems

Bosch is a leader in producing embedded systems for the automotive industry. The ESP system in cars monitors wheel speed, steering angle, lateral acceleration and other parameters to prevent skidding. The embedded software in ESP analyzes data in real-time and adjusts braking force on individual wheels and engine torque as needed to maintain vehicle stability. Overall, it is estimated that in the automotive industry, approximately 90% of modern cars already contain embedded software responsible for functions such as ADAS systems, infotainment and engine management.

Example no. 2: Philips Healthcare and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Systems

Philips manufactures advanced MRI devices used in medical diagnostics. The embedded software in MRI systems manages image acquisition, signal processing, scan sequence control and the user interface. This software enables precise imaging of the internal structures of a patient’s body, which is crucial for medical diagnosis.

Example no. 3: Caterpillar and its CAT Product Link Telematics Systems

Caterpillar develops telematics systems for its construction and mining machinery. The embedded software in CAT Product Link monitors and collects data on machine location, fuel consumption, operating hours, technical condition and maintenance. This allows operators and fleet managers to efficiently manage equipment, plan maintenance and optimize machine operation.

InTechHouse: Specialist in Embedded Systems

InTechHouse is a specialist in embedded systems, as evidenced by the Airdron project. This device features a microcontroller with built-in memory and additional external memory in the form of a microSD card. It has various I/O interfaces and sensors communicating via SPI and I2C, as well as communication modules using UART. Airdron has a USB interface and can be powered by both battery and an external power supply. The user interface is mainly provided through a tablet application, and the robust aluminum enclosure ensures durability.

The real-time operating system (RTOS) and application software for embedded devices, such as SoftBlue GCS and SoftBlue Reports, are integral parts of Airdron. During the development of this project, we used a cross-compiler, debugger, development kits, an integrated development environment (IDE) with a cross-compiler, and code analysis tools (Cppcheck). Airdron also utilizes our proprietary bootloader, highlighting our advanced expertise in embedded systems.

Summary

The future of embedded software is not just about the further development of existing technologies but also about innovations that can completely change the way we interact with the world. The introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous vehicles, smart cities and advanced medical systems are just some of the areas where embedded software will play a crucial role.

Every step forward in the field of embedded software is a step towards a more connected, automated and advanced world, where technology serves not just as a tool but as an integral part of our daily lives. For engineers and programmers, this means a continuous need for learning and adaptation to meet the growing demands of the market. For end-users, it means more intelligent, safer and more efficient devices that make everyday life easier.

InTechHouse is a leader in modern technological solutions, specializing in embedded systems. Our experience and innovative approach make us the ideal partner for companies seeking reliable and efficient embedded software solutions. We offer comprehensive services, from design and prototyping to implementation and technical support. By partnering with InTechHouse, you gain access to the latest technologies and experts who can help you realize even the most demanding projects. Join our satisfied clients and discover how our solutions can contribute to the success of your company.

FAQ

How is embedded software different from general-purpose software?

Embedded software is designed to perform specific tasks and is closely integrated with the hardware it controls. It often operates in real-time and must be highly reliable and efficient. General-purpose software, on the other hand, is designed for broader, more versatile applications and typically runs on general-purpose computers.

What are the challenges in embedded software development?

Challenges include resource constraints (limited memory and processing power), real-time performance requirements, hardware-software integration, ensuring reliability and stability and managing power consumption. Developers must also consider the specific requirements and constraints of the hardware platform.

How do you test embedded software?

Testing embedded software involves various methods such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing and simulation tools are often used to test how the software interacts with the hardware. Additionally, real-time testing is crucial to ensure the software meets performance requirements.

What is the role of a real-time operating system (RTOS) in embedded systems?

An RTOS manages the execution of tasks in an embedded system, ensuring that real-time performance requirements are met. It provides features like task scheduling, resource management and inter-task communication, which are critical for applications that need to operate within strict timing constraints.

What trends are shaping the future of embedded software development?

Trends shaping the future include the increasing use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, the growing importance of cybersecurity, the development of more powerful and energy-efficient microcontrollers and the adoption of model-based design and development methodologies. Additionally, the integration of 5G technology is expected to expand the capabilities of embedded systems.